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The mode of most "absurdist" plays is tragicomedy.[11][12] As Nell says in Endgame, "Nothing is funnier than unhappiness … it's the most comical thing in the world".[13] Esslin cites William Shakespeare as an influence on this aspect of the "Absurd drama."[14] Shakespeare's influence is acknowledged directly in the titles of Ionesco's Macbett and Stoppard's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. Friedrich Dürrenmatt says in his essay "Problems of the Theatre", "Comedy alone is suitable for us … But the tragic is still possible even if pure tragedy is not. We can achieve the tragic out of comedy. We can bring it forth as a frightening moment, as an abyss that opens suddenly; indeed, many of Shakespeare's tragedies are already really comedies out of which the tragic arises."[15]
Though layered with a significant amount of tragedy, the Theatre of the Absurd echoes other great forms of comedic performance, according to Esslin, from Commedia dell'arte to vaudeville.[11][16] Similarly, Esslin cites early film comedians and music hall artists such as Charlie Chaplin, the Keystone Cops and Buster Keaton as direct influences. (Keaton even starred in Beckett's Film in 1965.)[17]
Formal experimentation[edit]
As an experimental form of theatre, many Theatre of the Absurd playwrights employ techniques borrowed from earlier innovators. Writers and techniques frequently mentioned in relation to the Theatre of the Absurd include the 19th-century nonsense poets, such as Lewis Carroll or Edward Lear;[18] Polish playwright Stanislaw Ignacy Witkiewicz;[19] the Russians Daniil Kharms,[20]Nikolai Erdman,[21] and others; Bertolt Brecht's distancing techniques in his "Epic theatre";[22] and the "dream plays" of August Strindberg.[4][23]
One commonly cited precursor is Luigi Pirandello, especially Six Characters in Search of an Author.[23][24] Pirandello was a highly regarded theatrical experimentalist who wanted to bring down the fourth wall presupposed by the realism of playwrights such as Henrik Ibsen. According to W. B. Worthen, Six Characters and other Pirandello plays use "Metatheatre—roleplaying, plays-within-plays, and a flexible sense of the limits of stage and illusion—to examine a highly-theatricalized vision of identity".[25]
Another influential playwright was Guillaume Apollinaire whose The Breasts of Tiresias was the first work to be called "surreal".[26][27][28]
Pataphysics, surrealism, and Dadaism[edit]
One of the most significant common precursors is Alfred Jarry whose wild, irreverent, and lascivious Ubu